New insight into degradation of chloramphenicol using a nanoporous Pd/Co₃O₄cathode: characterization and pathways analysis

The growing chloramphenicol (CAP) in wastewater brought a serious threat to the activity of activated sludge and the spread of antibiotics resistance bacteria. In this study, a highly ordered nanoporous Co3O4 layer growing on Co foil through anodization was prepared as cathode for nitro-group reduction and electrodeposited with Pd particles for dechlorination to reduce CAP completely.

After 3h treatment, almost 100% of CAP was reduced. Co2+ ions in Co3O4 served as catalytic sites for electrons transfer to CAP through a redox circle Co2+-Co3+-Co2+, which triggered nitro-group reduction at first. With the presence of Pd particles, more atomic H* were generated for dechlorination, which increased 22% of reduction efficiency after 3h treatment.

Therefore, a better capacity was achieved by Pd/Co3O4 cathode (K=0.0245min-1, K is reaction constant) than by other cathodes such as Fe/Co3O4 (K=0.0182min-1), Cu/Co3O4 (K=0.0164min-1), and pure Co3O4 (K=0.0106min-1). From the proposed reaction pathway, the ultimate product was carbonyl-reduced AM (dechlorinated aromatic amine product of CAP) without antibacterial activity, which demonstrated this cathodic technology was a feasible way for wastewater pre-treatment.