Journal article
Area level deprivation and monthly COVID-19 cases: The impact of government policy in England
Climate Economics and Risk Management, Sustainability, Society and Economics, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark1
Sustainability, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark2
Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark3
University of Exeter4
This paper aims to understand the relationship between area level deprivation and monthly COVID-19 cases in England in response to government policy throughout 2020. The response variable is monthly reported COVID-19 cases at the Middle Super Output Area (MSOA) level by Public Health England, with Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD), ethnicity (percentage of the population across 5 ethnicity categories) and the percentage of the population older than 70 years old and time as predictors.
A GEE population-averaged panel-data model was employed to model trends in monthly COVID-19 cases with the population of each MSOA included as the exposure variable. Area level deprivation is significantly associated with COVID-19 cases from March 2020; however, this relationship is reversed in December 2020.
Follow up analysis found that this reversal was maintained when controlling for the novel COVID-19 variant outbreak in the South East of England. This analysis indicates that changes in the role of deprivation and monthly reported COVID-19 over time cases may be linked to two government policies: (1) the premature easing of national restrictions in July 2020 when cases were still high in the most deprived areas in England and (2) the introduction of a regional tiered system in October predominantly in the North of England.
The analysis adds to the evidence showing that deprivation is a key driver of COVID-19 outcomes and highlights the unintended negative impact of government policy.
Language: | English |
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Year: | 2021 |
Pages: | 114413 |
ISSN: | 18735347 and 02779536 |
Types: | Journal article |
DOI: | 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114413 |
ORCIDs: | Morrissey, Karyn , 0000-0001-6640-8621 and 0000-0002-7428-6465 |
COVID-19 cases Deprivation England Government policy Panel data analysis SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being