Journal article
Dermal uptake and percutaneous penetration of organophosphate esters in a human skin ex vivo model
Danish Building Research Institute, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vænge 15, 2400, Copenhagen SV, Denmark; National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark. Electronic address: mef@nrcwe.dk.1
Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, LSRC Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708, USA.2
Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark.3
Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118, USA.4
Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.5
Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 9B, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.6
Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.7
Danish Building Research Institute, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vænge 15, 2400, Copenhagen SV, Denmark.8
National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.9
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are used as flame retardants, plasticizers, and as hydraulic fluids. They are present in indoor environments in high concentrations compared with other flame retardants, and human exposure is ubiquitous. In this study we provide data for estimating dermal uptake for eight OPEs and ranking in OPEs risk assessment.
Dermal uptake and percutaneous penetration of the OPEs were studied in a Franz diffusion cell system using human skin dosed with a mixture of OPEs in an ethanol:toluene (4:1) solution. Large variation in penetration profiles was observed between the OPEs. The chlorinated OPEs tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), and in particular tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), penetrated the skin quite rapidly while tris(1,3-dichlor-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) tended to build up in the skin tissue and only smaller amounts permeated through the skin.
For tris(isobutyl) phosphate (TIBP), tris(n-butyl) phosphate (TNBP), and tris(methylphenyl) phosphate (TMPP) the mass balance was not stable over time indicating possible degradation during the experimental period of 72 h. The rates at which OPEs permeated through the skin decreased in the order TCEP > TCIPP ≥ TBOEP > TIBP ≥ TNBP > TDCIPP > TPHP > TMPP.
Generally, the permeation coefficient, kp, decreased with increasing log Kow, whereas lag time and skin deposition increased with log Kow. The present data indicate that dermal uptake is a non-negligible human exposure pathway for the majority of the studied OPEs.
| Language: | English |
|---|---|
| Year: | 2018 |
| Pages: | 185-192 |
| ISSN: | 18791298 and 00456535 |
| Types: | Journal article |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.032 |
| ORCIDs: | 0000-0002-9576-1202 , 0000-0002-1131-5687 , Frederiksen, Marie and Jensen, Niels Martin |
Adult Environmental Monitoring Esters Female Flame Retardants Flame retardants Halogenation Human exposure Humans Middle Aged OPE OPFR Organophosphates Organophosphorus Compounds PFR Phosphines Plasticizers Skin Skin Absorption tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate triphenyl phosphate tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine
