Journal article
Catalytic reduction of nitrogen to produce ammonia by bismuth-based catalysts: State of the art and future prospects
Ammonia is a key industrial raw material for fertilisers, chemicals and energy. The annual artificial ammonia synthesis via the Haber-Bosch process results in about 2% of global energy consumption and can lead to 1.6% CO2 emission. Hence, it is urgent to develop low-cost and environmentally friendly approaches for artificial ammonia synthesis under ambient conditions.
Recently, bismuth (Bi)-based catalysts have attracted great interest due to their excellent nitrogen fixation performance in electrochemical and photocatalytic fields. However, there is still a lack of a comprehensive review on Bi-based nitrogen-fixation materials focusing on their crystal structure, surface engineering and modification methods, which is highly desirable for facilitating their further development towards applications.
Herein, we provide an up-to-date review on Bi-based nitrogen-fixation materials and classify them as metallic Bi, bismuth oxide, bismuth oxyhalide, and Bi-based polyoxometalates. Starting from the underlying crystal structure, we analyse the internal electric field, surface engineering and modification methods of Bi-based nitrogen fixation materials.
Then, we highlight the latest achievements of Bi-based materials and reveal the challenges and obstacles in the development and application of Bi-based nitrogen-fixation materials. More importantly, this review presents the surface and structure engineering strategies, and future directions for the development of new Bi-based nitrogen-fixation materials under ambient conditions.
Language: | English |
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Year: | 2020 |
Pages: | 1014-1029 |
ISSN: | 20516355 and 20516347 |
Types: | Journal article |
DOI: | 10.1039/c9mh01668f |
ORCIDs: | 0000-0001-9981-7499 , 0000-0002-8256-6053 , 0000-0003-1179-2763 , 0000-0002-5215-0487 , 0000-0001-5633-3945 and 0000-0002-1129-7837 |