Method for optimal design of pipes for low-energy district heating, with focus on heat losses

The synergy between highly energy-efficient buildings and low-energy district heating (DH) systems is a promising concept for the optimal integration of energy-saving policies and energy supply systems based on renewable energy (RE). Network transmission and distribution heat loss is one of the key factors in the optimal design of low-energy DH systems.

Various pipe configurations are considered in this paper: flexible pre-insulated twin pipes with symmetrical or asymmetrical insulation, double pipes, and triple pipes. These technologies represent potential energy-efficient and cost-effective solutions for DH networks in low-heat density areas. We start with a review of theories and methods for steady-state heat loss calculation.

Next, the article shows how detailed calculations with 2D-modeling of pipes can be carried out by means of computer software based on the finite-element method (FEM). The model was validated by comparison with experimental measurements, analytical formulas, and data from the literature. We took into account the influence of the temperature-dependent conductivity coefficient of polyurethane insulation foam, which enabled us to achieve a high degree of accuracy.

We also showed the influence of the soil temperature throughout the year. Finally, the article describes proposals for the optimal design of pipes for low-energy applications and presents methods for decreasing heat losses.