Journal article · Ahead of Print article
Enhanced Primary Frequency Control from EVs: a Fleet Management Strategy to Handle Discrete Responses
Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark1
SINTEF2
Norwegian University of Science and Technology3
Distributed Energy Resources, Center for Electric Power and Energy, Centers, Technical University of Denmark4
Center for Electric Power and Energy, Centers, Technical University of Denmark5
EV chargers can be controlled to support the grid frequency by implementing a standard-compliant fast Primary Frequency Control (PFC). This paper addresses potential effects on power systems due to control discreteness in aggregated electric vehicles (EVs) when providing frequency regulation. Possible consequences of a discrete response, as reserve provision error and induced grid frequency oscillations, are first identified by a theoretical analysis both for large power systems and for microgrids.
Thus, an EV fleet management solution relying on shifting the droop characteristic for the individual EVs is proposed. The PFC is implemented in a microgrid with a Power-Hardware-in-the-Loop approach to complement the investigation with an experimental validation. Both the analytical and the experimental results demonstrate how the controller performance is influenced by the response granularity and that related oscillations can be prevented either by reducing the response granularity or by applying appropriate shifts on the droop characteristics for individual EVs.
Language: | English |
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Publisher: | IET |
Year: | 2019 |
Pages: | 436-44 |
ISSN: | 25152947 |
Types: | Journal article and Ahead of Print article |
DOI: | 10.1049/iet-stg.2018.0274 |
ORCIDs: | 0000-0002-9313-8230 , Marinelli, Mattia and Zecchino, Antonio |
EV fleet management solution Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering PFC TK1-9971 aggregated EVs battery powered vehicles controller performance discrete response distributed power generation droop characteristic electric vehicle chargers electric vehicles enhanced primary frequency control fleet management strategy frequency control frequency regulation individual EVs induced grid frequency oscillations microgrid possible consequences potential effects power generation control power grids power systems power-hardware-in-the-loop approach reserve provision error response discreteness response granularity standard-compliant fast primary frequency control