Journal article
The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana
University of Copenhagen1
Montana State University2
Stanford University3
Functional Human Variation, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark4
Integrative Systems Biology, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark5
University of Montana6
Natural History Museum of Denmark7
Washington State University Misc. Campuses8
University of Tartu9
University of Cambridge10
University of London11
Texas A&M University12
Southern Methodist University13
University College London14
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign15
University of York16
Imperial College London17
University of California at Berkeley18
Uppsala University19
University of California at San Diego20
Aarhus University21
Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark22
Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark23
Behavioral Phenomics, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark24
Metagenomics, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark25
...and 15 moreClovis, with its distinctive biface, blade and osseous technologies, is the oldest widespread archaeological complex defined in North America, dating from 11,100 to 10,700 (14)C years before present (bp) (13,000 to 12,600 calendar years bp). Nearly 50 years of archaeological research point to the Clovis complex as having developed south of the North American ice sheets from an ancestral technology.
However, both the origins and the genetic legacy of the people who manufactured Clovis tools remain under debate. It is generally believed that these people ultimately derived from Asia and were directly related to contemporary Native Americans. An alternative, Solutrean, hypothesis posits that the Clovis predecessors emigrated from southwestern Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum.
Here we report the genome sequence of a male infant (Anzick-1) recovered from the Anzick burial site in western Montana. The human bones date to 10,705 ± 35 (14)C years bp (approximately 12,707-12,556 calendar years bp) and were directly associated with Clovis tools. We sequenced the genome to an average depth of 14.4× and show that the gene flow from the Siberian Upper Palaeolithic Mal'ta population into Native American ancestors is also shared by the Anzick-1 individual and thus happened before 12,600 years bp.
We also show that the Anzick-1 individual is more closely related to all indigenous American populations than to any other group. Our data are compatible with the hypothesis that Anzick-1 belonged to a population directly ancestral to many contemporary Native Americans. Finally, we find evidence of a deep divergence in Native American populations that predates the Anzick-1 individual.
Language: | English |
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Publisher: | Nature Publishing Group |
Year: | 2014 |
Pages: | 225-229 |
Journal subtitle: | International Weekly Journal of Science |
ISSN: | 14764687 and 00280836 |
Types: | Journal article |
DOI: | 10.1038/nature13025 |
ORCIDs: | Rasmussen, Simon , Gupta, Ramneek , 0000-0001-7052-8554 , 0000-0001-7306-031X , 0000-0001-7576-5380 , 0000-0003-3936-1850 and 0000-0002-7081-6748 |
Archaeology Asia Bone and Bones Burial Chromosomes, Human, Y DNA, Mitochondrial Emigration and Immigration Europe Gene Flow Genome, Human Haplotypes History, Ancient Humans Indians, North American Infant Male Models, Genetic Molecular Sequence Data Montana Phylogeny Population Dynamics Radiometric Dating