Journal article
Endocrine disruptive effects in vitro of conazole antifungals used as pesticides and pharmaceutical
Widely used conazole antifungals were tested for endocrine disruptive effects using a panel of in vitro assays. They all showed endocrine disrupting potential and ability to act via several different mechanisms. Overall the imidazoles (econazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, prochloraz) were more potent than the triazoles (epoxiconazole, propiconazole, tebuconazole).
The critical mechanism seems to be disturbance of steroid biosynthesis. In the H295R cell assay, the conazoles decreased the formation of estradiol and testosterone, and increased the concentration of progesterone, indicating inhibition of enzymes involved in the conversion of progesterone to testosterone.
Prochloraz was most potent followed by econazole~miconazole>ketoconazole>tebuconazole>epoxiconazole>propiconazole. In the MCF-7 cell proliferation assay, the conazoles showed anti-estrogenic effect, including aromatase inhibition, since they inhibited the response induced by both 17β-estradiol (miconazole>econazole~ketoconazole>prochloraz>tebuconazole>epoxiconazole>propiconazole) and testosterone (econazole>miconazole>prochloraz>ketoconazole>tebuconazole>epoxiconazole>propiconazole).
The triazoles were anti-androgenic in an androgen receptor reporter gene assay (epoxiconazole∼tebuconazole>propiconazole). This effect could not be evaluated for the pharmaceutical imidazoles due to cytotoxicity.
Language: | English |
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Year: | 2010 |
Pages: | 573-582 |
ISSN: | 18731708 and 08906238 |
Types: | Journal article |
DOI: | 10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.07.009 |
ORCIDs: | Taxvig, Camilla , Nellemann, Christine Lydia and Vinggaard, Anne Marie |
AR protein, human Androgen Receptor Antagonists Animals Antifungal Agents Aromatase Aromatase Inhibitors Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases CHO Cells CYP2C9 protein, human Cell Line, Tumor Cell Proliferation Cricetinae Cricetulus Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Endocrine Disruptors Estradiol Estrogen Antagonists Fungicides, Industrial Genes, Reporter Humans Imidazoles Progesterone Receptors, Androgen Testosterone Triazoles